We have changed our privacy policy. In addition, we use cookies on our website for various purposes. By continuing on our website, you consent to our use of cookies. You can learn about our practices by reading our privacy policy.

Adam Bede Allusions & Cultural References

When authors refer to other great works, people, and events, it’s usually not accidental. Put on your super-sleuth hat and figure out why.

Literary and Philosophical References

  • Letters of Saint Paul (3.4)
  • Book of Genesis (4.71)
  • Book of Psalms (5.33)
  • Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth, Lyrical Ballads (5.59)
  • Sophocles and Theocritus (5.64)
  • Gospel Tale of Martha and Mary (6.8)
  • Moses and Exodus (8.22)
  • John Gay, The Beggar's Opera (12.3)
  • John Moore, Zeluco (12.25, 12.50)
  • Andrew Foulis (publisher), Aeschylus (16.28)
  • Horace, Odes (quoted in 16.33)
  • Aeschylus, Prometheus (16.39)
  • French literature generally (17.14)
  • Book of Genesis (18.9)
  • Poor Richard's Almanac (19.8)
  • John Bunyan, The Pilgrim's Progress and other works (19.8)
  • Bailey's Dictionary (19.8)
  • Valentine and Orson, possibly the Henry Watson version (19.8)
  • History of Babylon (19.8)
  • Genesis story of Adam and Eve (21.26)
  • Aeschylus (22.28)
  • Aesop's Fables (33.4)
  • The Life of Madame Guyon (50.24)
  • The Bible and Apocrypha (51.26)
  • John Henry Newman, Tracts for the Times (52.56)
  • Thomas Carlyle, Sartor Resartus (52.56)

Historical References

  • John Wesley, Methodism, and Methodist Preaching (2.39-40, 3.12, 8.9-19)
  • Ludwig van Beethoven (3.12)
  • Saint Catherine (5.48)
  • Antinomianism and Evangelicism (5.59)
  • Epicureanism (5.63)
  • Prince of Wales (6.42)
  • Socrates (9.13)
  • Arthur Young (16.33)
  • William Pitt (16.50)
  • Dutch painting generally (17.6)
  • The Reformation and the Dissenters (17.9)
  • Arminians, Calvinists, and Wesleyans (17.13)
  • Lord Nelson and the French (18.81-82)
  • Houses of York and Lancaster (20.22)
  • Queen Elizabeth, General Monk, and Julius Caesar (22.22)
  • King George (32.32)
  • Stratford-on-Avon/Shakespeare (36.20, 37.26)
  • Charles Wesley (50.31-34)
  • Napoleon versus the British (53.24-32)
  • Methodist Conference, Wesleyans, and Women Preaching (Epilogue.26-28)