¹ Tench Coxe, "A Statement of the Arts and Manufactures of the United States, for the year 1810" (Philadelphia: A. Cornman, 1814), xlii-xliii; George Brown Tindall and David Emory Shi, America: A Narrative History, Fifth Ed. (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1999), 567.

² Michael R. Haines, "Population, by sex and race: 1790-1990," TableAa145-184, Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition, ed. Susan Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael Haines, Alan Olmsted, Richard Sutch and Gavin Wright (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://hsus.cambridge.org/ NB: In censuses prior to 1950, the urban population comprised all persons living in incorporated places of 2,500 or more and areas (usually minor civil divisions) classified as urban under special rules relating to population size and density.

³ Michael R. Haines, "Fertility and mortality, by race: 1800-2000," Table Ab1-10, Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition, ed. Susan Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael Haines, Alan Olmsted, Richard Sutch and Gavin Wright (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://hsus.cambridge.org/

⁴ Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition, ed. Susan Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael Haines, Alan Olmsted, Richard Sutch and Gavin Wright (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://hsus.cambridge.org/

⁵ George Brown Tindall and David Emory Shi, America: A Narrative History, Fifth Ed. (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1999), 560.

⁶ Eric Foner, Give Me Liberty! An American History (New York: W. W. Norton,2006), 277; George Brown Tindall and David Emory Shi, America: A Narrative History, Fifth Ed. (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1999), 497.

⁷ Michael R. Haines, "Population, by region and urban-rural residence: 1790-1990," Table Aa36-92, Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition, ed. Susan Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael Haines, Alan Olmsted, Richard Sutch and Gavin Wright (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://hsus.cambridge.org/ NB: In censuses prior to 1950, the urban population comprised all persons living in incorporated places of 2,500 or more and areas (usually minor civil divisions) classified as urban under special rules relating to population size and density.

⁸ Robert A. Margo, "Annual earnings of male manufacturing workers in New England and the Middle Atlantic, by urban-rural location: 1820-1860," TableBa4244-4249, Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition, ed. Susan Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael Haines, Alan Olmsted, Richard Sutch and Gavin Wright (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://hsus.cambridge.org/

⁹ George Brown Tindall and David Emory Shi, America: A Narrative History, Fifth Ed. (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1999), 520-526.

¹⁰ George Brown Tindall and David Emory Shi, America: A Narrative History, Fifth Ed. (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1999), 520-526.

¹¹ Steve Harvey, "Only in L.A.," Los Angeles Times, 3 November 1992, p. 2; Sandy Lindsey, "Wacky Laws," Trailer Life 62:5 (May 2002), p. 63-67

¹² Fuller Collection of Aaron Burr (1756-1836), Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Library.

¹³ John Reid, "Where Hamilton Fell: The Exact Location of the Famous Duelling[sic] Ground," Hoboken Evening News, 10 June 1898, transcribed by Lauren Sherman and Al Berg, Weehawken Historical Commission, February 2004, http://www.weehawkenhistory.us/whc/providence/pawtucket/themes/
weehawken/wtm_assets/duel2004/Duel-JohnReid.pdf; "People & Events: Philip Hamilton's Duel," The American Experience, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/duel/peopleevents/pande16.html

¹⁴ Ross Drake, "Duel!" Smithsonian 34:12 (Mar 2004), 94-102, http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/duel.html

¹⁵ James M. McPherson, "Causes of the Civil War," Teaching American History Podcast, 24 January 2006, http://teachingamericanhistory.org/podcasts/

¹⁶ Michael R. Haines, "Fertility and mortality, by race: 1800-2000," TableAb1-10, and "Fertility ratios - children under age 5 per 1,000 women ages 20-44, by race, region, and urban-rural residence: 1800-1990," Table Ab315-346, Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition, ed. Susan Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael Haines, Alan Olmsted, Richard Sutch and Gavin Wright (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://hsus.cambridge.org/

¹⁷ George Brown Tindall and David Emory Shi, America: A Narrative History (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1999), 520.

¹⁸ Penne L. Restad, Christmas in America: A History (New York : Oxford University Press, 1995); Adam Cohen, "This Season's War Cry: Commercialize Christmas, or Else," New York Times, 4 December 2005

¹⁹ James C. Mohr, Abortion In America: The Origins and Evolution of National Policy, 1800-1900 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978), 95-96; Nicola Beisel and Tamara Kay, "Abortion, Race, and Gender in Nineteenth-CenturyAmerica," American Sociological Review 69:4 (Aug 2004), p. 498-519.

²⁰ John P. McIver, "Voter turnout in presidential elections, by state: 1824-2000," Table Eb62-113, Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition, ed. Susan Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael Haines, Alan Olmsted, Richard Sutch and Gavin Wright (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://hsus.cambridge.org/; Michael P. McDonald, "Up, Up and Away! Voter Participation in the 2004 Presidential Election," The Forum 2:4 (December 2004), Article 4

²¹ Benjamin G. Rader, Baseball: A History of America's Game (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2002), 5.

²² Jabari Asim, The N Word: Who Can Say It, Who Shouldn't, and Why (New York: Houghton Mifflin Books, 2007), 78.

²³ Ken Emerson, Doo-Dah! Stephen Foster and the Rise of American Popular Culture (New York: Da Capo Press, 1998), 107.

²⁴ Emily Dickinson and Martha Dickinson Bianchi, The Life and Letters of Emily Dickinson (New York: Biblo and Tannen, 1971), 241.

²⁵ "A Chance for Men of Bad Character," Brooklyn Eagle, 7 March 1846, 2.

²⁶ "More Counterfeiters," New York Daily Times, 29 September 1851, 2.

²⁷ Neil Harris, Humbug: The Art of P.T. Barnum (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973), 23.

²⁸ Hans Bergmann, God in the Street : New York Writing from the Penny Press to Melville (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), 29.