¹ The full text of A. Philip Randolph's call for the March on Washington, an address delivered on 26 September 1942 before the MOWM meeting in Detroit, Michigan, http://www.aasp.umd.edu/chateauvert/mowmcall.htm

² Southern senators quoted in Waldo E. Martin, Jr., Brown V. Board of Education: A Brief History with Documents (Boston, 1998), 220.

³ Minniejean Brown quoted in Juan Williams, Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965 (New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1987), 117.

⁴ Ernest Green quoted in Juan Williams, Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965 (New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1987), 118.

⁵ Eric Foner, Give Me Liberty: An American History, Vol. 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2006), 767.

⁶ Black leadership quoted in Leon F. Litwack and Winthrop D. Jordan, The United States: Becoming a World Power, Vol. II (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1991), 711.

⁷ U.S. Supreme Court quoted in Leon F. Litwack and Winthrop D. Jordan, The United States: Becoming a World Power, Vol. II (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1991), 770.

⁸ Martin Luther King, Jr. quoted in Juan Williams, Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965 (New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1987), 76.

⁹ Diane Nash quoted in Juan Williams, Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965 (New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1987), 130-131.

¹⁰ Horace Cayton quoted in Leon F. Litwack and Winthrop D. Jordan, The United States: Becoming a World Power, Vol. II (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1991), 674.

¹¹ For more information see Eric Foner, Give Me Liberty: An American History, Vol. 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2006), 766-767.

¹² White Citizens' Council quoted in Juan Williams, Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965 (New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1987), 39.

¹³ For a deeper discussion of the road leading to the Brown v. Board case, see Juan Williams, Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965 (New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1987), 1-36.

¹⁴ Waldo E. Martin, Jr., Brown V. Board of Education: A Brief History with Documents (Boston, 1998), 168-174.

¹⁵ James F. Byrnes quoted in Juan Williams, Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965 (New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1987), 34.

¹⁶ Herman Talmadge quoted in Juan Williams, Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965 (New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1987), 34.

¹⁷ Walter Givhan quoted in Juan Williams, Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965 (New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1987), 38.

¹⁸ Dwight D. Eisenhower quoted in Juan Williams, Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965 (New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1987), 38.

¹⁹ Strom Thurmond and Harry Byrd quoted in Waldo E. Martin, Jr., Brown V. Board of Education: A Brief History with Documents (Boston, 1998), 220.

²⁰ Charles Houston quoted in Juan Williams, Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965 (New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1987), 35.

²¹ For a more detailed account of the incident at the Bryant store see an interview with Mamie Mobley in Studs Terkel, Race: How Blacks and Whites Think and Feel About the American Obsession (New York: Random House, Inc, 1993), 19-26, and Juan Williams, Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965 (New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1987), 42.

²² Mamie Mobley quoted in Juan Williams, Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965 (New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1987), 41.

²³ Anne Moody, Coming of Age in Mississippi (New York: Dell Publishing, 1968).

²⁴ Myrlie Evers quoted in Juan Williams, Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965 (New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1987), 47.

²⁵ Charles Diggs, Jr. quoted in Juan Williams, Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965 (New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1987), 49.

²⁶ Dwight D. Eisenhower quoted in Juan Williams, Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965 (New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1987), 38.

²⁷ Dwight D. Eisenhower quoted in Steven F. Lawson, Black Ballots: Voting Rights in the South, 1944-1969 (Lanham: Lexington Books, 1999), 179.

²⁸ The full text of John F. Kennedy's Civil Rights speech, delivered on national television on 11 June 1963, https://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/LH8F_0Mzv0e6Ro1yEm74Ng.aspx

²⁹ Eric Foner, Give Me Liberty: An American History, Vol. 1 & 2 (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2006).

³⁰ Mamie Mobley quoted in Studs Terkel, Race: How Blacks and Whites Think and Feel About the American Obsession, (New York: The New Press, 1992), 21.

³¹ Eyes on the Prize: Ain't Scared of Your Jails (1960-1961) , Blackside, Inc., 1986.

³² Eyes on the Prize: Ain't Scared of Your Jails (1960-1961) , Blackside, Inc., 1986.

³³ Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition, ed. Susan Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael Haines, Alan Olmsted, Richard Sutch and Gavin Wright (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://hsus.cambridge.org/, accessed 5 January 2009.

³⁴ Eyes on the Prize: Ain't Scared of Your Jails (1960-1961) , Blackside, Inc., 1986.

³⁵ Eyes on the Prize: Ain't Scared of Your Jails (1960-1961) , Blackside, Inc., 1986.

³⁶ Eyes on the Prize: Ain't Scared of Your Jails (1960-1961) , Blackside, Inc., 1986.

³⁷ George Gallup, "Eisenhower Leads List of 10 Most Admired Men in World," Public Opinion News Service, 28 December 1958.

³⁸ Waldo E. Martin, Jr., Brown v. Board of Education: A Brief History with Documents, (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1998), 222.

³⁹ See Council of Conservative Citizens, http://www.cofcc.org.

⁴⁰ Sarah Killingsworth quoted in Studs Terkel, The Good War: An Oral History of World War II (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1984), 116.

⁴¹ President Dwight Eisenhower quoted in Juan Williams, Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965 (New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1987), 38.

⁴² Charles Houston quoted in Juan Williams, Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965 (New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1987), 35.

⁴³ Charles Diggs quoted in Juan Williams, Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965 (New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1987), 49.

⁴⁴ Letter from Lew Sadler to the Chicago Defender quoted in Juan Williams, Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965 (New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1987), 55.

⁴⁵ Handbill reprinted in Juan Williams, Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965 (New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1987), 68.

⁴⁶ Virginia Durr quoted in Juan Williams, Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965 (New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1987), 82-83.

⁴⁷ Little Rock Chamber of Commerce quoted in Juan Williams, Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965 (New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1987), 118-119.

⁴⁸ Diane Nash quoted in Juan Williams, Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965 (New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1987), 130.

⁴⁹ James Jackson Kilpatrick quoted in Juan Williams, Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965 (New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1987), 28.

⁵⁰ John Lewis quoted in Juan Williams, Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965 (New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1987), 139.

⁵¹ President John F. Kennedy's speech delivered on national television 11 June 1963; https://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/LH8F_0Mzv0e6Ro1yEm74Ng.aspx