¹ Craig v. Boren, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/429/190/case.html

² Craig v. Boren, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/429/190/case.html

³ Available online at: http://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/94-1941.ZO.html

⁴ Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/396/1218/case.html

⁵ Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/396/1218/case.html

⁶ Bowers v. Hardwick, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/478/186/case.html

⁷ Bradwell v. Illinois, opinion excerpt quoted on line at: http://www.law.cornell.edu/anncon/html/amdt14hfrag2_user.html#fnb34

⁸ Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/347/483/case.html

⁹ Craig v. Boren, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/429/190/case.html

¹⁰ Green v. School Board of New Kent County, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/391/430/case.html

¹¹ Hoyt v. Florida, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/368/57/

¹² Lawrence et al. v. Texas, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/539/558/case.html

¹³ Lindsley v. Natural Carbonic Gas Company, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/220/61/case.html

¹⁴ Loving v. Virginia, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/388/1/case.html

¹⁵ Michael M. v. Superior Court, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/450/464/

¹⁶ Plessy v. Ferguson, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/163/537/case.html

¹⁷ Proposition 209, available online at: http://vote96.sos.ca.gov/BP/209.htm

¹⁸ Romer v. Evans, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/517/620/case.html

¹⁹ Rostker v. Goldberg, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/453/57/case.html

²⁰ United States v. Fordice, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/505/717/

²¹ Cornelia T.L. Pillard, "United States v. Virginia: The Virginia Military Institute, Where the Men are Men (and so are the Women," available online at: http://209.85.173.132/search?q=cache:TCAe6_jjBAMJ:www.law.georgetown.edu/Faculty/pillardn/documents/VMI.pdf+us+v.+vmi&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us

²² United States v. Virginia, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/518/515/case.html

²³ Ex Parte Virginia, Justia: US Supreme Court Media Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/100/339/case.html

²⁴ Craig v. Boren, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/429/190/case.html

²⁵ Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/347/483/case.html

²⁶ Green v. School Board of New Kent County, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/391/430/case.html

²⁷ United States v. Fordice, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/505/717/

²⁸ Quoted in "The Origins of Affirmative Action," National Organization of Women website, available online at: http://www.now.org/nnt/08-95/affirmhs.html

²⁹ "Affirmative Action: History and Rationale," Clinton White House Briefing Room available online at: http://clinton2.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OP/html/aa/aa02.html

³⁰ Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/438/265/

³¹ Lindsley v. Natural Carbonic Gas Company, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/220/61/case.html

³² Bradwell v. Illinois, opinion excerpt available online at: http://www.law.cornell.edu/anncon/html/amdt14hfrag2_user.html#fnb34

³³ Muller v. Oregon, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/208/412/

³⁴ Hoyt v. Florida, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/368/57/

³⁵ Craig v. Boren, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/429/190/case.html

³⁶ Rostker v. Goldberg, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/453/57/case.html

³⁷ Rostker v. Goldberg, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/453/57/case.html

³⁸ Cornelia T.L. Pillard, "United States v. Virginia: The Virginia Military Institute, Where the Men are Men (and so are the Women," available online at: http://209.85.173.132/search?q=cache:TCAe6_jjBAMJ:www.law.georgetown.edu/Faculty/pillardn/documents/VMI.pdf+us+v.+vmi&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us

³⁹ Available online at: http://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/94-1941.ZO.html

⁴⁰ Craig v. Boren, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/429/190/case.html

⁴¹ Bowers v. Hardwick, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/478/186/case.html

⁴² Joe Bergeron, "Flexing the Fourteenth Amendment: The New Inclusion of Gay and Lesbian Americans in the United States Constitution." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Western Political Science Association, Oakland, CA; March 17-19, 2005. Available online at: http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/8/7/4/8/p87480_index.html

⁴³ Varnum v. Brien, opinion available online at: http://www.iowacourts.gov/supreme_court/recent_opinions/20090403/

⁴⁴ Loving v. Virginia, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/388/1/case.html

⁴⁵ Lawrence et al. v. Texas, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/539/558/case.html

⁴⁶ "Gay Marriage," Indiana University Newsroom, available online at: http://newsinfo.iu.edu/tips/page/normal/1440.html

⁴⁷ Bradwell v. Illinois, opinion excerpt available online at: http://www.law.cornell.edu/anncon/html/amdt14hfrag2_user.html#fnb34

⁴⁸ Plessy v. Ferguson, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/163/537/case.html

⁴⁹ Lindsley v. Natural Carbonic Gas Company, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/220/61/case.html

⁵⁰ Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/347/483/case.html

⁵¹ Hoyt v. Florida, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/368/57/

⁵² Loving v. Virginia, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/388/1/case.html

⁵³ Green v. School Board of New Kent County, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/391/430/case.html

⁵⁴ Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/396/1218/case.html

⁵⁵ Craig v. Boren, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/429/190/case.html

⁵⁶ Michael M. v. Superior Court, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/450/464/

⁵⁷ Rostker v. Goldberg, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/453/57/case.html

⁵⁸ Bowers v. Hardwick, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/478/186/case.html

⁵⁹ United States v. Fordice, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/505/717/

⁶⁰ Cornelia T.L. Pillard, "United States v. Virginia: The Virginia Military Institute, Where the Men are Men (and so are the Women," available online at: http://209.85.173.132/search?q=cache:TCAe6_jjBAMJ:www.law.georgetown.edu/Faculty/pillardn/documents/VMI.pdf+us+v.+vmi&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us

⁶¹ United States v. Virginia, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/518/515/case.html

⁶² Romer v. Evans, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/517/620/case.html

⁶³ Proposition 209, available online at: http://vote96.sos.ca.gov/BP/209.htm

⁶⁴ Lawrence et al. v. Texas, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/539/558/case.html

⁶⁵ Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/347/483/case.html

⁶⁶ Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/396/1218/case.html

⁶⁷ Bradwell v. Illinois, opinion excerpt available online at: http://www.law.cornell.edu/anncon/html/amdt14hfrag2_user.html#fnb34

⁶⁸ Craig v. Boren, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/429/190/case.html

⁶⁹ Bowers v. Hardwick, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/478/186/case.html

⁷⁰ "Retired Justice Lewis Powell Dies at 90," Washington Post, 26 August 1998, available online at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/supcourt/stories/powell082698.htm

⁷¹ Lawrence et al. v. Texas, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/539/558/case.html

⁷² "Broadsheet," Salon.com, 10 June 2008, available online at: http://www.salon.com/mwt/broadsheet/2008/06/10/marriage_equality/

⁷³ "Justice for Beer Drinkers," The Supreme Court Historical Society: The Learning Center, available online at: http://www.supremecourthistory.org/05_learning/subs/05_e03.html

⁷⁴ Plessy v. Ferguson, Justia: US Supreme Court Center, available online at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/163/537/case.html