¹ Bernard Bailyn, et al, The Great Republic: A History of the American People (Lexington, Mass: D.C. Heath and Company, 1985), 575.

² Worth Robert Miller, "Farmers and Third Party Politics," in Charles Calhoun, ed., The Gilded Age: Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing, 2007), 284.

³ Bernard Bailyn, et al, The Great Republic: A History of the American People (Lexington, Mass: D.C. Heath and Company, 1985), 569.

⁴ Robert G. Barrows, "Urbanizing America," in Charles Calhoun, ed., The Gilded Age: Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing, 2007), 102.

⁵ Bernard Bailyn, et al, The Great Republic: A History of the American People (Lexington, Mass: D.C. Heath and Company, 1985), 546.

⁶ Bernard Bailyn, et al, The Great Republic: A History of the American People (Lexington, Mass: D.C. Heath and Company, 1985), 563.

⁷ Bernard Bailyn, et al, The Great Republic: A History of the American People (Lexington, Mass: D.C. Heath and Company, 1985), 569.

⁸ W. Bernard Carlson, "Technology and America as a Consumer Society, 1870-1900," in Charles Calhoun, ed., The Gilded Age: Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing, 2007), 33.

⁹ Robert G. Barrows, "Urbanizing America," in Charles Calhoun, ed., The Gilded Age: Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing, 2007), 102, 106.

¹⁰ Robert G. Barrows, "Urbanizing America," in Charles Calhoun, ed., The Gilded Age: Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing, 2007), 104.

¹¹ Bernard Bailyn, et al, The Great Republic: A History of the American People (Lexington, Mass: D.C. Heath and Company, 1985), 546.

¹² Bernard Bailyn, et al, The Great Republic: A History of the American People (Lexington, Mass: D.C. Heath and Company, 1985), 552.

¹³ Sean Dennis Cashman, America in the Gilded Age: From the Death of Lincoln to the Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: New York University Press, 1984), 131.

¹⁴ Sean Dennis Cashman, America in the Gilded Age: From the Death of Lincoln to the Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: New York University Press, 1984), 131.

¹⁵ Bernard Bailyn, et al, The Great Republic: A History of the American People ( Lexington, Mass: D.C. Heath and Company, 1985), 528.

¹⁶ Sean Dennis Cashman, America in the Gilded Age: From the Death of Lincoln to the Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: New York University Press, 1984), 292.

¹⁷ Sean Dennis Cashman, America in the Gilded Age: From the Death of Lincoln to the Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: New York University Press, 1984), 245.

¹⁸ Sean Dennis Cashman, America in the Gilded Age: From the Death of Lincoln to the Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: New York University Press, 1984), 245.

¹⁹ Sean Dennis Cashman, America in the Gilded Age: From the Death of Lincoln to the Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: New York University Press, 1984), 238-240.

²⁰ Eric Arneson, "American Workers and the Labor Movement in the Late Nineteenth Century," in Charles Calhoun, ed., The Gilded Age: Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing, 2007), 61.

²¹ Eric Arneson, "American Workers and the Labor Movement in the Late Nineteenth Century," in Charles Calhoun, ed., The Gilded Age: Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing, 2007), 64.

²² Sean Dennis Cashman, America in the Gilded Age: From the Death of Lincoln to the Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: New York University Press, 1984), 255.

²³ Leon Litwack, The American Labor Movement (Englewood Cliffs, New jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1962), 12.

²⁴ Leon Litwack, The American Labor Movement (Englewood Cliffs, New jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1962), 10-15.

²⁵ Sean Dennis Cashman, America in the Gilded Age: From the Death of Lincoln to the Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: New York University Press, 1984), 255-256.

²⁶ Sean Dennis Cashman, America in the Gilded Age: From the Death of Lincoln to the Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: New York University Press, 1984), 257.

²⁷ Keith Ladd, "The Pullman Strike," Kansas Heritage Group Website, available online at: http://www.kansasheritage.org/pullman/index.html. "People & Events: George Pullman," PBS: American Experience Website, available online at: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/chicago/peopleevents/p_pullman.html

²⁸ Pullman Laborer, 1883, Smithsonian Source Website, available online at: http://www.smithsoniansource.org/display/primarysource/viewdetails.aspx?PrimarySourceId=1221

²⁹ Sean Dennis Cashman, America in the Gilded Age: From the Death of Lincoln to the Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: New York University Press, 1984), 260.

³⁰ "Memorable quotes for Fight Club," available online at: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0137523/quotes

³¹ "Memorable quotes for Fight Club," available online at: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0137523/quotes

³² Jackson Lears, No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1981), 44.

³³ Jackson Lears, No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1981), 104.

³⁴ Jackson Lears, No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1981), 115.

³⁵ Jackson Lears, No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1981), 131.

³⁶ John Sayle Waterson, College Football: History, Spectacle, Controversy (Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 2000), 34.

³⁷ Theodore Roosevelt, "The Strenuous Life," delivered 10 April 1899, available online at: http://www.bartleby.com/58/1.html

³⁸ "Memorable quotes for Fight Club," available online at: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0137523/quotes

³⁹ "Carnegie Steel Company," NAtionMAster.com, available online at: http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Carnegie-Steel-Company. Sean Dennis Cashman, America in the Gilded Age: From the Death of Lincoln to the Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: New York University Press, 1984), 79.

⁴⁰ Sean Dennis Cashman, America in the Gilded Age: From the Death of Lincoln to the Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: New York University Press, 1984), 65-67.

⁴¹ Daniel De Leon, "Reform or Revolution," 1896, available online at: http://www.marxists.org/archive/deleon/works/1896/960126.htm

⁴² James Baird Weaver, A Call to Action (1892), 693.

⁴³ Andrew Carnegie, "The Gospel of Wealth," 1889, available online at; http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5767/

⁴⁴ Andrew Carnegie, "The Gospel of Wealth," 1889, available online at; http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5767/

⁴⁵ William L. Riordan, Plunkitt of Tammany Hall: A Series of Very Plain Talks on Very Practical Politics (New York: Signet Classics, 1995), 3.

⁴⁶ William L. Riordan, Plunkitt of Tammany Hall: A Series of Very Plain Talks on Very Practical Politics (New York: Signet Classics, 1995), 9.

⁴⁷ Sean Dennis Cashman, America in the Gilded Age: From the Death of Lincoln to the Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: New York University Press, 1984), 207.

⁴⁸ John Sayle Waterson, College Football: History, Spectacle, Controversy (Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 2000), 9-25.

⁴⁹ Sandra L. Quinn-Musgrove, Sanford Kanter, America's Royalty: All the President's Children (Westport, Conn., Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995), 133, 137. Available online at: http://books.google.com/books?id=D6egBFIqZJQC&pg=PA131&lpg=PA131&dq=baby+ruth+cleveland&source=web&ots=d-oO-1_w-d&sig=VxXdaHQZdcB5v-amxanvZoA6rAM&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=9&ct=result#PPA131,M1

⁵⁰ "George Pullman Biography," available online at: http://www.notablebiographies.com/Pe-Pu/Pullman-George.html

⁵¹ Sandra L. Quinn-Musgrove, Sanford Kanter, America's Royalty: All the President's Children (Westport, Conn., Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995), 137. Available online at: http://books.google.com/books?id=D6egBFIqZJQC&pg=PA131&lpg=PA131&dq=baby+ruth+cleveland&source=web&ots=d-oO-1_w-d&sig=VxXdaHQZdcB5v-

⁵² Pullman Laborer, 1883, Smithsonian Source Website, available online at: http://www.smithsoniansource.org/display/primarysource/viewdetails.aspx?PrimarySourceId=1221

⁵³ Andrew Carnegie, "The Gospel of Wealth," 1889, available online at; http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5767/

⁵⁴ Theodore Roosevelt, 1897. Available online at: http://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl7.html

⁵⁵ Daniel De Leon, "Reform or Revolution," 1896, available online at: http://www.marxists.org/archive/deleon/works/1896/960126.htm

⁵⁶ Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gilded