¹ Ho Chi Minh quoted in Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars, 1945-1990 (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 172.

² The Pentagon Papers, Gravel Edition, Vol. 1 (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971), 593.

³ President John F. Kennedy, "News Conference 58," State Department Auditorium, Washington, D.C. (17 July 1963; transcript available through the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum, http://www.jfklibrary.org, accessed 9 January 2009.

⁴ The Pentagon Papers, Gravel Edition, Vol. 1 (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971), 593.

⁵ The Pentagon Papers, Gravel Edition, Vol. 1 (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971), quoted in Leon F. Litwack and Winthrop D. Jordan, The United States: Becoming a World Power, Vol. II (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1991), 774.

⁶ "Land of Compulsory Joy," Time, 22 November 1954.

⁷ For more information on Ho Chi Minh's land reform campaign and its violent repercussions, see "50 Years On, Vietnamese Remember Land Reform Terror," on Radio Free Asia, http://www.rfa.org/english/news/2006/06/08/vietnam_landreform/, accessed 9 January 2009.

⁸ President John F. Kennedy, "News Conference 58," State Department Auditorium, Washington, D.C. (17 July 1963; transcript available through the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum, http://www.jfklibrary.org, accessed 9 January 2009.

⁹ "The Jungle Marxist," Time, 16 July 1965.

¹⁰ Harry Maurer, Strange Ground: An Oral History of Americans in Vietnam, 1945-1975 (New York: Da Capo Press, 1998), 133.

¹¹ Harry Maurer, Strange Ground: An Oral History of Americans in Vietnam, 1945-1975 (New York: Da Capo Press, 1998), 134.

¹² Robert McNamara to Lyndon B. Johnson, quoted in R. W. Apple Jr., "McNamara Recalls, and Regrets, Vietnam," New York Times, 9 April 1995.

¹³ Lyndon B. Johnson's Address to the Nation, 31 March 1968; transcript available at Lyndon B. Johnson Library and Museum, http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/680331.asp, accessed 9 January 2009.

¹⁴ Leon F. Litwack and Winthrop D. Jordan, The United States: Becoming a World Power, Vol. II (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1991), 813.

¹⁵ Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars, 1945-1990 (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1991), 334; Harry Maurer, Strange Ground: An Oral History of Americans in Vietnam, 1945-1975 (New York: Da Capo Press, 1998), 135.

¹⁶ "The Faces of the American Dead in Vietnam: One Week's Toll," Life, 27 June 1969.

¹⁷ Stanley Karnow, "The Time 100: Ho Chi Minh," Time, 13 April 1998.

¹⁸ Vicki Goldberg, "Photography View: In a Rifle's Flash, a Lasting Icon of a Nation's Pain," New York Times, 30 April 1995.

¹⁹ Time [cover], 12 May 1975.

²⁰ Gallup Poll conducted 27 August 1965 to 13 November 2000, http://institution.gallup.com.

²¹ Harry Maurer, Strange Ground: An Oral History of Americans in Vietnam, 1945-1975 (New York: Da Capo Press, 1998), 133.

²² Harry Maurer, Strange Ground: An Oral History of Americans in Vietnam, 1945-1975 (New York: Da Capo Press, 1998), 134.

²³ Harry Maurer, Strange Ground: An Oral History of Americans in Vietnam, 1945-1975 (New York: Da Capo Press, 1998), 134.

²⁴ Harry Maurer, Strange Ground: An Oral History of Americans in Vietnam, 1945-1975 (New York: Da Capo Press, 1998), 134.

²⁵ Record Counts by Country of Casualty, Southeast Asia Combat Area Casualties Current File in the Records of the Office of the Secretary of Defense; records available through the National Archives and Records Administration, http://www.archives.gov.

²⁶ Charles Hirschman, Samuel Preston, and Vu Manh Loi, "Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate," Population and Development Review 21:4 (December 1995), 807; George McGovern, "The Last Nixon," Rolling Stone, no. 684 (16 June 1994), 45.

²⁷ Record Counts by Year of Death or Declaration of Death, Southeast Asia Combat Area Casualties Current File in the Records of the Office of the Secretary of Defense; records available through the National Archives and Records Administration, or http://www.archives.gov.

²⁸ Record Counts by Age at Time of Death or Declaration of Death, Southeast Asia Combat Area Casualties Current File in the Records of the Office of the Secretary of Defense; records available through the National Archives and Records Administration, http://www.archives.gov.

²⁹ Record Counts by Race, Southeast Asia Combat Area Casualties Current File in the Records of the Office of the Secretary of Defense; records available through the National Archives and Records Administration, http://www.archives.gov.

³⁰ Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition, ed. Susan Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael Haines, Alan Olmsted, Richard Sutch and Gavin Wright (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://hsus.cambridge.org/, accessed 5 January 2009.

³¹ Record counts by Sex, Southeast Asia Combat Area Casualties Current File in the Records of the Office of the Secretary of Defense; records available through the National Archives and Records Administration, http://www.archives.gov.

³² Gallop Poll conducted on 19 August 1969; see http://institution.gallup.com.

³³ Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition, ed. Susan Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael Haines, Alan Olmsted, Richard Sutch and Gavin Wright (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://hsus.cambridge.org/, accessed 5 January 2009.

³⁴ Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition, ed. Susan Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael Haines, Alan Olmsted, Richard Sutch and Gavin Wright (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://hsus.cambridge.org/, accessed 5 January 2009.

³⁵ Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition, ed. Susan Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael Haines, Alan Olmsted, Richard Sutch and Gavin Wright (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://hsus.cambridge.org/, accessed 5 January 2009.

³⁶ Ho Chi Minh, "Declaration of Independence, Democratic Republic of Vietnam," delivered in Hanoi, Vietnam 2 September 1945; full text availiable , http://coombs.anu.edu.au/~vern/van_kien/declar.html, accessed 9 January 2009.

³⁷ President Harry S. Truman, "Address Before a Joint Session of Congress," 12 March 1947; full transcript available from the Avalon Project at Yale Law School, http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/trudoc.htm, accessed 9 January 2009.

³⁸ Ho Chi Minh, "Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Viet-Nam," in Bernard B. Fall (ed.), On Revolution: Selected Writings, 1920-66 (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1967), 143-145; full text of the Declaration available at http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/583/, accessed 9 January 2009.

³⁹ George C. Marshall to U.S. Embassy Paris, 3 February 1947, quoted in George C. Herring, America's Longest War (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996), 13.

⁴⁰ Gen. Lawton Collins, quoted in James T. Patterson, Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 294.

⁴¹ Dwight D. Eisenhower, Inaugural Address, 20 January 1953; full text available at the Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum online, http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/speeches/1953_inaugural_address.html, accessed 9 January 2009.

⁴² Dwight D. Eisenhower, Presidential Press Conference, 7 April 1954, availiable at http://www.vietnamwar.net/Eisenhower-2.htm, accessed 9 January 2009.

⁴³ Secretary of State John Foster Dulles quoted in George C. Herring, America's Longest War (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996), 17.

⁴⁴ Christopher J Kauffman, "Politics, Programs, and Protests: Catholic Relief Services in Vietnam, 1954-1975," The Catholic Historical Review 91:2 (Washington: April 2005), 223-231.

⁴⁵ Figure quoted in Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars, 1945-1990 (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 53.

⁴⁶ John F. Kennedy quoted in Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars, 1945-1990 (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 58-59.

⁴⁷ JCS member quoted in Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars, 1945-1990 (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 102.

⁴⁸ President Lyndon B. Johnson, "Annual Message to the Congress on the State of the Union," 8 January 1964; transcript available from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum online, http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/640108.asp, accessed 9 January 2009.

⁴⁹ Lyndon B. Johnson quoted in Doris Kearns, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 251.

⁵⁰ Lyndon B. Johnson, "Address to the Nation," 31 March 1968; full text available through the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum online, http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/680331.asp, accessed 9 January 2009.

⁵¹ See James Gerstenzang, "Nixon Dies...," Los Angeles Times, 23 April 1994, 1; Alexander Cockburn, "Tony Lake Is Prepped for a Sham Fight," Los Angeles Times, 7 February 1997, 9; George McGovern, "The Last Nixon," Rolling Stone (16 June 1994), 45.

⁵² Gallup Poll conducted in December 1971, see http://institution.gallup.com.

⁵³ Full text of the letter from Ron Ridenhour describing the My Lai massacre, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/learning_history/vietnam/ridenhour_letter.cfm, accessed 9 January 2009.

⁵⁴ Full text of the letter from Ron Ridenhour describing the My Lai massacre, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/learning_history/vietnam/ridenhour_letter.cfm, accessed 9 January 2009.

⁵⁵ Herbert L. Carter, "Testimony to U.S. Army CID, 1969", in James Stuart Olson and Randy Roberts (eds.), My Lai: A Brief History with Documents (Boston: Bedford Books, 1998), 80.

⁵⁶ Herbert L. Carter, "Testimony to U.S. Army CID, 1969", in James Stuart Olson and Randy Roberts (eds.), My Lai: A Brief History with Documents (Boston: Bedford Books, 1998), 80.

⁵⁷ William L. Calley, "Testimony at Court-Martial, 1970," in James Stuart Olson and Randy Roberts (eds.), My Lai: A Brief History with Documents (Boston: Bedford Books, 1998), 185.

⁵⁸ William Wilson, "I Had Prayed to God that This Thing Was Fiction," in James S. Olson and Randy Roberts (eds.), My Lai: A Brief History with Documents (Boston: Bedford Books, 1998).

⁵⁹ MACV (Military Assistance Command, Vietnam) Pocket Card, "The Enemy in Your Hands," September 1967; see full text of all MACV Pocket Cards distributed to U.S. armed forces in Vietnam, http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/mylai/Myl_wmac.htm, accessed 9 January 2009.

⁶⁰ MACV (Miliatry Assistance Command, Vietnam) Pocket Card, "Nine Rules," September 1967; see full text of all MACV Pocket Cards distributed to U.S. armed forces in Vietnam, http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/mylai/Myl_wmac.htm, accessed 9 January 2009.

⁶¹ Varnado Simpson and Michael Bernhardt quoted in James Stuart Olson and Randy Roberts (eds.), My Lai: A Brief History with Documents (Boston: Bedford Books, 1998), 17.

⁶² John Kifner, "Lessons of History?" New York Times, 28 December 2003.

⁶³ Jack Langguth from New York Times, 5 June 1965, quoted in Howard Zinn, Postwar America, 1945-1971 (Cambridge: South End Press, 1973, 2002), 85.

⁶⁴ Donald Duncan, "The Whole Thing Was a Lie!" Ramparts, February 1966.

⁶⁵ Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars, 1945-1990 (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 197.

⁶⁶ Martin Luther King, Jr. quoted in Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars, 1945-1990 (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 199.

⁶⁷ Robert McNamara quoted in Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars, 1945-1990 (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 120.

⁶⁸ Captain's report quoted in Edwin E. Moise, Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War (Raleigh: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 143.

⁶⁹ President Lyndon B. Johnson, quoted in Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars, 1945-1990 (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 119.

⁷⁰ Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, "A Joint Resolution of Congress," approved 7 August 1964; availiable at http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/11/documents/tonkin/, accessed 9 January 2009.

⁷¹ Christopher J Kauffman, "Politics, Programs, and Protests: Catholic Relief Services in Vietnam, 1954-1975," The Catholic Historical Review 91:2 (Washington: April 2005), pp. 223-231.

⁷² Catholic priest quoted in Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars, 1945-1990 (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 95.

⁷³ "Trial by Fire," Time, 21 June 1963.

⁷⁴ Ngo Dinh Nhu quoted in Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars, 1945-1990 (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 96.

⁷⁵ Letters in Time, 10 December 1965.

⁷⁶ "The Pacifists," Time Magazine, 12 November 1965.

⁷⁷ "The Human Voice Means More," Time, 19 November 1965.

⁷⁸ Gallup Poll administered 19 February 1965; see http://institution.gallup.com.

⁷⁹ Gallup Polls administered 12 December 1969 and 1 April 1971; see http://institution.gallup.com.

⁸⁰ William Wilson, "I Had Prayed to God that This Thing Was Fiction," in James S. Olson and Randy Roberts (eds.), My Lai: A Brief History with Documents (Boston: Bedford Books, 1998).

⁸¹ Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars, 1945-1990 (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 63.

⁸² Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars, 1945-1990 (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 96.

⁸³ Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars, 1945-1990 (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 203.

⁸⁴ Vicki Goldberg, "Photography View: In a Rifle's Flash, a Lasting Icon of a Nation's Pain," New York Times, 30 April 1995.

⁸⁵ Bob Dylan, "Masters of War," The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan (Columbia, 1963).

⁸⁶ "Trial by Fire," Time, 21 June 1963.

⁸⁷ David Halberstam, The Making of a Quagmire (New York: Random House, 1965), 211.

⁸⁸ Lyndon B. Johnson quoted in Doris Kearns, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 251.

⁸⁹ "The Human Voice Means More," Time, 19 November 1965.

⁹⁰ Ho Chi Minh quoted in Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars, 1945-1990 (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 172.

⁹¹ Martin Luther King, Jr. quoted in Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars, 1945-1990 (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 199.

⁹² Robert McNamara to Lyndon B. Johnson, quoted in R. W. Apple Jr., "McNamara Recalls, and Regrets, Vietnam," New York Times, 9 April 1995.

⁹³ Varnado Simpson quoted in James Stuart Olson and Randy Roberts (eds.), My Lai: A Brief History with Documents (Boston: Bedford Books, 1998), 16.

⁹⁴ William Wilson, "I Had Prayed To God That This Thing Was Fiction, 1990," in James Stuart Olson and Randy Roberts (eds.), My Lai: A Brief History with Documents (Boston: Bedford Books, 1998), 152.

⁹⁵ William L. Calley, "Testimony at Court-Martial, 1970," in James Stuart Olson and Randy Roberts (eds.), My Lai: A Brief History with Documents (Boston: Bedford Books, 1998), 185.

⁹⁶ American news executive quoted in Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars, 1945-1990 (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 262.

⁹⁷ Hearts and Minds, Peter Davis, dir. (BBS Productions, 1974).

⁹⁸ Parents Guide for Apocalypse Now, the Internet Movie Database, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0078788/parentalguide.