¹ Elizabeth Cady Stanton, National Woman Suffrage Association convention, Washington, D.C., quoted in Maureen Fitzgerald, foreword to The Woman's Bible (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1993), xvii.

² Michael R. Haines, "Expectation of life at birth, by sex and race: 1850-1998," Table Ab644-655 in Historical Statistics of the United States, Earliest Times to the Present: Millennial Edition, eds. Susan B. Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael R. Haines, Alan L. Olmstead, Richard Sutch, and Gavin Wright (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Ab644-91110.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Ab644-911, accessed 1 June 2007.

³ Jack Ericson Eblen, "New Estimates of the Vital Rates of the United States Black Population During the Nineteenth Century," Demography 11:2 (May, 1974), pp. 301-319, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0070-3370%28197405%2911%3A2%3C301%3ANEOTVR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-%23, accessed 1 June 2007.

⁴ Haines, Michael R. , " Total population, by sex and age: 1850-1990 ." Table Aa185-286 in Historical Statistics of the United States, Earliest Times to the Present: Millennial Edition, eds. Susan B. Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael R. Haines, Alan L. Olmstead, Richard Sutch, and Gavin Wright (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Aa110-68310.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Aa110-683, accessed 1 June 2007.

⁵ Haines, Michael R. , " Total population, by sex and age: 1850-1990 ." Table Aa185-286 in Historical Statistics of the United States, Earliest Times to the Present: Millennial Edition, eds. Susan B. Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael R. Haines, Alan L. Olmstead, Richard Sutch, and Gavin Wright (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Aa110-68310.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Aa110-683, accessed 1 June 2007; Michael R. Haines, " Urban and rural territory - number of places, by size of place: 1790-1990 ." Table Aa684-698 in Historical Statistics of the United States, Earliest Times to the Present: Millennial Edition, eds. Susan B. Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael R. Haines, Alan L. Olmstead, Richard Sutch, and Gavin Wright (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Aa684-189510.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Aa684-1895, accessed 1 June 2007;[Under the Direction of the Secretary of the Interior], "Statistics of the United States, (Including Mortality, Property, &c.,) in 1860; Compiled from the Original Returns and Being the Final Exhibit of the Eighth Census" (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1866).

⁶ Michael R. Haines, " Urban and rural territory - number of places, by size of place: 1790-1990 ." Table Aa684-698 in Historical Statistics of the United States, Earliest Times to the Present: Millennial Edition, eds. Susan B. Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael R. Haines, Alan L. Olmstead, Richard Sutch, and Gavin Wright (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Aa684-189510.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Aa684-1895, accessed 1 June 2007.

⁷ Michael R. Haines, " Urban and rural territory - number of places, by size of place: 1790-1990 ." Table Aa684-698 in Historical Statistics of the United States, Earliest Times to the Present: Millennial Edition, eds. Susan B. Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael R. Haines, Alan L. Olmstead, Richard Sutch, and Gavin Wright (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Aa684-189510.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Aa684-1895, accessed 1 June 2007.

⁸ Michael R. Haines, " Urban and rural territory - number of places, by size of place: 1790-1990 ." Table Aa684-698 in Historical Statistics of the United States, Earliest Times to the Present: Millennial Edition, eds. Susan B. Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael R. Haines, Alan L. Olmstead, Richard Sutch, and Gavin Wright (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Aa684-189510.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Aa684-1895, accessed 1 June 2007;[Under the Direction of the Secretary of the Interior], "Statistics of the United States, (Including Mortality, Property, &c.,) in 1860; Compiled from the Original Returns and Being the Final Exhibit of the Eighth Census" (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1866).

⁹ Haines, Michael R. , " Total population, by sex and age: 1850-1990 ." Table Aa185-286 in Historical Statistics of the United States, Earliest Times to the Present: Millennial Edition, eds. Susan B. Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael R. Haines, Alan L. Olmstead, Richard Sutch, and Gavin Wright (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006),http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Aa110-68310.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Aa110-683, accessed 1 June 2007;Michael R. Haines, " Urban and rural territory - number of places, by size of place: 1790-1990 ." Table Aa684-698 in Historical Statistics of the United States, Earliest Times to the Present: Millennial Edition, eds. Susan B. Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael R. Haines, Alan L. Olmstead, Richard Sutch, and Gavin Wright (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Aa684-189510.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Aa684-1895, accessed 1 June 2007;[Under the Direction of the Secretary of the Interior], "Statistics of the United States, (Including Mortality, Property, &c.,) in 1860; Compiled from the Original Returns and Being the Final Exhibit of the Eighth Census" (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1866).

¹⁰ James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 12.

¹¹ Michael R. Haines, "Growing Incomes, Shrinking People-Can Economic Development Be Hazardous to Your Health? Historical Evidence for the United States, England, and the Netherlands in the Nineteenth Century, 253.

¹² James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 14.

¹³ James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988); Leon F. Litwack, Been In the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (New York: Knopf, 1979).

¹⁴ James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988); Leon F. Litwack, Been In the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (New York: Knopf, 1979).

¹⁵ Leon F. Litwack, Been In the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (New York: Knopf, 1979).

¹⁶ Haines, Michael R. , " Total population, by sex and age: 1850-1990 ." Table Aa185-286 in Historical Statistics of the United States, Earliest Times to the Present: Millennial Edition, eds. Susan B. Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael R. Haines, Alan L. Olmstead, Richard Sutch, and Gavin Wright (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Aa110-68310.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Aa110-683, accessed 1 June 2007; Ninth Census-Volume I: The Statistics of the Population of the United States, compiled by Francis A. Walker (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1872).

¹⁷ Haines, Michael R. , " Total population, by sex and age: 1850-1990 ." Table Aa185-286 in Historical Statistics of the United States, Earliest Times to the Present: Millennial Edition, eds. Susan B. Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael R. Haines, Alan L. Olmstead, Richard Sutch, and Gavin Wright (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Aa110-68310.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Aa110-683, accessed 1 June 2007; Ninth Census-Volume I: The Statistics of the Population of the United States, compiled by Francis A. Walker (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1872).

¹⁸ Haines, Michael R. , " Total population, by sex and age: 1850-1990 ." Table Aa185-286 in Historical Statistics of the United States, Earliest Times to the Present: Millennial Edition, eds. Susan B. Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael R. Haines, Alan L. Olmstead, Richard Sutch, and Gavin Wright (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Aa110-68310.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Aa110-683, accessed 1 June 2007; Ninth Census-Volume I: The Statistics of the Population of the United States, compiled by Francis A. Walker (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1872).

¹⁹ James L. Huston, "Property Rights in Slavery and the Coming of the Civil War," The Journal of Southern History 65:2 (May, 1999), pp. 249-286, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-4642%28199905%2965%3A2%3C249%3APRISAT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-1, accessed 1 June 2007.

²⁰ See Richard Lowe, "The Freedmen's Bureau and Local Black Leadership," The Journal of American History 80:3 (Dec., 1993), pp. 989-998, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8723%28199312%2980%3A3%3C989%3ATFBALB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q, accessed 1 June 2007.

²¹ James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988); Scott Sigmund Gartner, " Military personnel and casualties, by war and branch of service: 1775-1991 ," Table Ed1-5 in Historical Statistics of the United States, Earliest Times to the Present: Millennial Edition, eds. Susan B. Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael R. Haines, Alan L. Olmstead, Richard Sutch, and Gavin Wright (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Ed1-14510.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Ed1-145, accessed 1 June 2007.

²² James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988); Scott Sigmund Gartner, "Military personnel and casualties, by war and branch of service: 1775-1991," Table Ed1-5 in Historical Statistics of the United States, Earliest Times to the Present: Millennial Edition, eds. Susan B. Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael R. Haines, Alan L. Olmstead, Richard Sutch, and Gavin Wright (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Ed1-14510.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Ed1-145, accessed 1 June 2007.

²³ James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988); Scott Sigmund Gartner, " Military personnel and casualties, by war and branch of service: 1775-1991 ," Table Ed1-5 in Historical Statistics of the United States, Earliest Times to the Present: Millennial Edition, eds. Susan B. Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael R. Haines, Alan L. Olmstead, Richard Sutch, and Gavin Wright (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Ed1-14510.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Ed1-145, accessed 1 June 2007.

²⁴ See Janice Schuetz, The Logic of Women on Trial: Case Studies of American Popular Trials (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1994).

²⁵ Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's unfinished revolution, 1863-1877 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988).

²⁶ J. William Harris, The Making of the American South: A Short History, 1500-1877 (Blackwell, 2006), 295.

²⁷ Eric Foner, Give Me Liberty! An American History (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006), 485.

²⁸ See the full text of the Constitution and its amendments on-line at Cornell University Law School, Legal Information Institute, http://www.law.cornell.edu/anncon/index.html, accessed 16 July 2007.

²⁹ "Mississippi Approves Slavery Abolishment," Washington Post, 17 March 1995, A03.

³⁰ Citizens of Calhoun, Georgia, letter to the General of the Third Military District, 25 August 1867, quoted in Dorothy Sterling, The Trouble They Seen: The Story of Reconstruction in the Words of African-Americans (Da Capo Press, 1994), 113.

³¹ Quoted in Leon Litwach, Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (Athlone Press, 1980), 372.

³² Georgia Republican Party, The Loyal Georgian, 3 March 1866.

³³ Quoted in Leon Litwach, Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (Athlone Press, 1980), 486.

³⁴ Quoted in United States Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, Eighth Semi-Annual Report on Schools for Freedmen (Government Printing Office, 1 July 1869).

³⁵ W.E.B. Du Bois, The Negro (Courier Dover Publications, 2001 ed.), 130.

³⁶ Quoted in John Hope Franklin, Reconstruction (Chicago, 1961), 433; and Kenneth Stampp, The Era of Reconstruction (London, 1965), 5-6.

³⁷ John W. Burgess, Reconstruction and the Constitution, 1866-1876 (Harvard University, 1905), 264-5.

³⁸ Claude G. Bowers, The Tragic Era: The Revolution After Lincoln (Literary Guild of America, 1929), v, http://books.google.com/books?id=tutBAAAAIAAJ&, accessed 9 January 2009.